Physical Constants, Prefixes, and Conversion Factors

Here are some useful physical constants, conversion factors, and unit prefixes. They are used in many calculations in chemistry, as well as in physics and other sciences. Useful Constants A physical constant is also known as a universal constant or a fundamental constant. It is a quantity that has a constant value in nature. Some constants have units, while others do not. While the physical value of a constant does not depend on its units, obviously changing the units is associated with a numerical change. For example, the speed of light is a constant, but it is expressed as a different number in meters per second compared to miles per hour. Acceleration of Gravity 9.806 m/s2 Avogadros Number 6.022 x 1023 Electronic Charge 1.602 x 10-19 C Faraday Constant 9.6485 x 104 J/V Gas Constant 0.08206 Latm/(molK)8.314 J/(molK)8.314 x 107 gcm2/(s2molK) Plancks Constant 6.626 x 10-34 Js Speed of Light 2.998 x 108 m/s p 3.14159 e 2.718 ln x 2.3026 log x 2.3026 R 19.14 J/(molK) 2.3026 RT (at 25C) 5.708 kJ/mol Common Conversion Factors A conversion factor is a quantity used to convert between one unit and another via multiplication (or division). A conversion factor changes the units of a measurement without changing its value. The number of significant digits in a conversion factor may affect the conversion in some cases. Quantity SI Unit Other Unit Conversion Factor Energy joule calorieerg 1 cal = 4.184 J1 erg = 10-7 J Force newton dyne 1 dyn = 10-5 N Length metre or meter ngstrm 1 = 10-10 m = 10-8 cm = 10-1 nm Mass kilogram pound 1 lb = 0.453592 kg Pressure pascal baratmospheremm Hglb/in2 1 bar = 105 Pa1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 Pa1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa1 lb/in2 = 6894.8 Pa Temperature kelvin CelsiusFahrenheit 1C = 1 K1F = 5/9 K Volume cubic metre litregallon (U.S.)gallon (U.K.)cubic inch 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m31 gal (U.S.) = 3.7854 x 10-3 m31 gal (U.K.) = 4.5641 x 10-3 m31 in3 = 1.6387 x 10-6 m3 While a student should learn how to perform unit conversions, in the modern world there are accurate online unit converters in all the search engines. SI Unit Prefixes Metric system or SI units are based on factors of ten. However, most units prefixes with names are 1000 times apart. The exception are near the base unit (centi-, deci-, deca-, hecto-). Usually, a measurement is reported using a unit with one of these prefixes. Its a good idea to become comfortable converting between factors as they are used in all scientific disciplines. Factors Prefix Symbol 1024 yotta Y 1021 zetta Z 1018 exa E 1015 peta P 1012 tera T 199 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 101 deca da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a The ascending prefixes (e.g., tera, peta, exa) are derived from Greek prefixes. Within 1000 factors of a base unit, there are prefixes for each factor of 10. The exception is 1010, which is used in distance measurements for the angstom..Beyond this, factors of 1000 are used. Very large or very small measurements are usually expressed using scientific notation. A unit prefix is applied with the word for a unit, while its symbol is applied together with a units symbol. For example, it is correct to cite a value in units of either kilograms or kg, but it is incorrect to give the value as kilog or kgrams. Sources Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000). Allens Astrophysical Quantities (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press / Springer. ISBN 0387987460.Eddington, A.S. (1956). The Constants of Nature. In J.R. Newman (ed.). The World of Mathematics. 2. Simon Schuster. pp. 1074–1093.International System of Units (SI): Prefixes for binary multiples. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. National Institute of Science and Technology.Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006. Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (2): 633–730.Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997. (1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials. Tables A.1 through A.5.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Treat Tony Soprano Essay

Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to treat Tony Soprano Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a derivative of behavioral therapy, where changing one’s behavior to modify problems is the core of treatment. With CBT the therapist takes on a teacher approach, demystifying patient’s belief and irrational behaviors with rational beliefs and behaviors (Corey, 2008). Cognitive restructuring is the basic technique with this form of therapy that involves changing how you think about negative beliefs by restructuring them into positive ones. With CBT the hypothesis is that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, which influence the evaluations and interpretations we make of the reactions we have to life situations (Corey, 2008). For example, if a client (Tony Soprano) believes in order to be a man, he has to treat others as if he is more dominant, this very belief may be the reason for his ‘antisocial behavior.’ Furthermore, the therapist tries to restructure a client’s negative beliefs so the patient ident ifies and dispute these irrational beliefs constructing rational ones. The strengths of cognitive behavioral therapy is that it is an evidence based approach to treatment with tons of empirical data on the success of this type treatment. Another key strength to this form of therapy is that it integrates all forms of psychotherapy in this approach (Corey, 2008). It uses the psychoanalytic approach to the psyche of individuals, it can also use Adlerian approaches byShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDilemma Pitfalls of E-Mail 361 Case Incident 1 Using Social Media to Your Advantage 362 Case Incident 2 Should Companies That Fire Shoot First? 362 12 Leadership 367 What Is Leadership? 368 Trait Theories 369 Behavioral Theories 370 Summary of Trait Theories and Behavioral Theories 372 Contingency Theories 372 The Fiedler Model 373 †¢ Other Contingency Theories 375 Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory 377 Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership 379 Charismatic Leadership 379

Lost Languages Free Essays

It is a sad but true fact that out of the more than six thousand languages that existed in the world at one time, one disappears every fortnight! Take the example of Patrick Nudjulu of North Australia, one of the three remaining speakers of the dying language Mati Ke. As tradition forbids him to speak to his sister, he does not have anyone he can speak his own language with, and as a consequence, the language is dying out, and will disappear with the death of Patrick. Some of the other languages that will disappear soon and be lost forever are, according to Duncan Walker, Abenaki, Atures, Welsh, and Manx. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Languages or any similar topic only for you Order Now    (Walker, Duncan 2005) In any culture, land and its language are closely inter connected, and in Aboriginal Australia, this is especially true because the entire continent is divided by its hills and other geographical distinctions, and also because of its languages. The people of Wadeye, who spoke Mati Ke, were forced to move over and start using the Murrinh-Patta. This meant that Mati Ke was no longer being used, and nobody even realized in the beginning that the language of their ancestors was slipping away into oblivion. Patrick Nudjulu, an old man, and one of the few people left in the world who can actually speak Mati Ke still, says, â€Å"I still dream in Mati Ke. See all in the past.† His own daughter and granddaughter do not know how to speak this language, and they use the Murrinh-Patta that they are more familiar with. It is interesting to note that for Patrick Nudjulu, English is his fourth of fifth strongest language. The author of the book Mark Abley, in a quest to gain knowledge of a few words of Mati Ke, learnt that ‘mi warzu’ is the name for fruit in Mati Ke, ‘a dhan gi’ means salt water prawns, ‘a wayelh’ refers to goanna lizard, although it was sadly true that Patrick Nudjulu himself was forced to use the Murrinh-Patta to communicate with his family. Patrick’s story is indeed a tragic but an all too familiar one; he was forced to leave the town in which he had been living after his parents had given up their difficult life in the bush, but had to go back to life in the bush because he could no longer tolerate the destruction of his town. He has in effect returned to the bark and bough shelters that were familiar to him, as he had lived in them through his childhood. However, despite his best efforts, it was obvious that his language would not be saved; although he spoke to his grandchildren in Mati Ke, they chose to reply to him in Murrinh-Patta, thereby leaving no doubt at all that yet another language, Mati Ke, is on its inexorable way to extinction.   Ã‚  (Abley, Mark 2005) Works cited Abley, Mark â€Å"Spoken here, travels among threatened languages† (2005) Google Book Search retrieved on March 11, 2008 from http://books.google.co.in/books?id=skV2wp81JQICpg=PA2lpg=PA2dq=lost+language+mati+kesource=webots=VgjTQUxV-csig=GKbK0bd-eTYNC-gHyIasUeaYmLwhl=en Walker, Duncan â€Å"In defence of ‘lost’ languages† BBC News (2005) Retrieved on March 11, 2008 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4172085.stm       How to cite Lost Languages, Essay examples

Appeals Process free essay sample

Many times within a sentencing, an offender is given a certain time to file an appeal within. If they don’t appeal a verdict or decision within 30-days for example, they must wait until the ‘next go-around’ so to speak. Many times a certain amount of time must be served before an appeal can be filed. This can be easily demonstrated in the process an inmate within a prison files an appeal. If he or she serves four-years of a 15-year sentence and files an appeal and follows the appropriate steps to do so, they can still experience the misfortune of having their appeal turned down. If that happens, they are often made to wait another year before they can file another appeal. The decisions from these appeals can be returned fairly quickly or they can take anywhere from a day or two, to a week or more. In the case of a parole board hearing an inmate’s appeal, they often render a decision the same day and within an hour or two from the end of the hearing at the longest. We will write a custom essay sample on Appeals Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To relate a story, a very close friend of ours is serving time in a correctional facility in the state of Colorado, a sentence and a decision put him there that I firmly disbelieve. He has served six-years of a ten-year sentence and went before the parole board last November. His original sentence is Sexual Misconduct with a Minor. Again, this is a charge that I firmly disbelieve in relation to this specific person, but nonetheless he is serving it. His parole got denied and he filed an appeal, due to the fact that accusations were made regarding his conduct before arrest that weren’t related in the least bit to his original charge. An appeal was filed to contest the parole board’s decision and the accusations made by malicious involvement from former family members. The appeal was shot down and he was told to continue on with his sentence and he would be eligible for parole again in November of 2013. We pray that this one goes better! Appeals can be lengthy and can be costly, but they serve a purpose. It should not be an easy process that these offenders go through in order to be let out. The best and most effective way for improvements to be made in the appeals process is to vary the cost of such procedures. If an offender is Page: 3 esirous to file an appeal, the cost of said appeal should vary depending on the severity of the crime committed. If it was a first-time offense and a non-violent offense that put the offender behind bars, the cost of their appeal should not match that of an appeal from someone who was convicted of a brutal, violent and bloody murder of multiple victims where no remorse was shown at all. Offenders don’t pay these costs themselves, but rather the money to pay for such filings is shelled out by their families. In many cases, these families are suffering enough by having their loved one behind bars in the first place. The family shouldn’t have to suffer a financial drain as well as an emotional drain just because their relative decided to go hog-wild with a machete or some other equally violent crime. When an appeal is filed appropriately, it can also make the process much easier. Another often forgotten fact is that if an appeal is not filed appropriately and proper steps followed, it can often be turned down before it even gets seen by the right people. I feel that part of the process that shows an offender is serious about their appeal, should be to follow every step and every measure laid out before them. If the paperwork telling them how to file instructs them to quack like a duck while wearing yellow and pink polka dotted pants at a Dixie Chicks concert, all while wearing a sign that says ‘I love purple unicorns’ then they should follow that exact process. If they leave out a step, they were not serious enough and need to go back to the drawing board!